IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL REPORTS/FORENSIC MEDICINE

IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL REPORTS /FORENSIC MEDICINE 

OVERVIEW : 

The bondage of law and medicine is ancient one ,as old as Egyptian civilization,The code of Hammurabi [Babylon-2200 BC]is oldest code on medical -legal cases.The Forensic medicine or legal medicine  &Toxicology and medical jurisprudence gained lot of importance in the modern world due to newer technology like Finger Printing and DNA.

It is prudent for young police officers ,prosecuting officers,defence counsels and general public to gain fundamental knowledge of medical jurisprudence , forensic medicine  and toxicology.The forensic medicine deals with the medical aspects of law viz .death,injuries,sexual offences ,infant deaths, poisoning ,accidents, homicide.The Medical jurisprudence deals with the legal aspects of practice of medicine viz.medical negligence ,rights &duties of doctor ,professional misconduct.Both Forensic medicine and Medical Jurisprudence are very important subjects in the criminal Justice system.    
  

The medical students will be familiar with 'Medical Jurisprudence' , 'Forensic Medicine and Toxicology'.The 'Forensic medicine&Toxicology' is a branch of 'Medical Sciences',which plays crucial role in deciding medico-legal court cases.

The highly experienced forensic medicine professional act as expert witness and their evidence[as per Indian Evidence Act under section 45 e.g doctor,firearms expert,finger prints experts,handwriting experts etc are called expert witnesses]will be considered  crucial[or even clinching evidence] corroborative evidence in all court cases viz.cause of the death[medico-legal death investigation],time of death,sexual offences,paternity,fertility,determination of age etc.

INQUEST: 

An inquest is an detailed inquiry or investigation into the cause of death or sudden death,it is conducted , in case of suspicious or sudden death,murder ,mass killings ,killing by animals and accidents.

1. The Police inquest.
2. The Coroner inquest.
3. The magistrate inquest.
   

1.The Police Inquest : The police  conducts inquest  under section 174 of Criminal Procedure code ,1929 ,inform the local magistrate about the crime.

2.The Coroner Inquest : The corner inquest is conducted in Bombay /Calcutta under Coroner Act ,1871.No need to inform the crime to magistrate.The law commission in its report  206 ,in the year 2008 ,recommended enactment of central act  called Coroner Act 2008.

3.The Magistrate Inquest:The District Magistrate or Sub Divisional  Magistrate [District Collector or  Dy.Collector or Tahsildar ] is empowered to conduct inquest in cases of custodial death, prison death,police firing ,dowry deaths and exhumation under section 174 &Section 176 of Cr.PC   

In some countries like USA ,the coroner system is prevalent ,a coroner is a government official,who Investigates human deaths, determines cause of death for the issuing the death certificates,In India,in Bombay ,the corner system is prevalent as per  corner act ,1871.

AUTOPSY : 

The ancient Egyptians used to perform autopsy on corpses  ,the removal and examination of internal organs for religious practice of mummification.
The term Autopsy is a Greek term autopsia,  which mean "to see for oneself"In 44 BC, Julius Caesar was the subject of an official autopsy after, he was  murdered by rival senators.

The Autopsy on corpses will be performed for medical examination of human and animal body parts by the medical students and it is also done to ascertain the cause of the death in medico -legal cases or sudden or suspicious death.  

The Post-Morten examination and Post Morten certificate are other terms used in the modern world,they are medico legal reports on the request of the investigating officer for corroboration of criminal case in cases of assault,murder,rape,homicide and poisoning.The medical conduct autopsy after receiving request form from I.O,magistrate or coroner.

The reports consists of facts drawn from detailed observation of the body and the opinion formed basing on said  facts,the same will be attached to the case file to be produced in the court during criminal trial,this will become evidence,once doctor attends the court and testify the facts under the oath.

FUNDAMENTALS OF  MEDICAL REPORT. 

 
The medical report should be two parts consists of examination of body and the opinion ,The Examination of body consists both external and internal. No doctor should sign the medical report with out examining the body & observing due formalities ,including visiting scene of crime to form suitable  expert opinion on the cause of the death.If doctor does not visit the scene of crime ,he may not know all details of the crime. 

CASE PARTICULARS:
 
1.Name of deceased or victim and as entered in the Jail or Police record

2.Address,Age (Approx)  yrs; Sex : Male/Female
 
3.Body brought by (Name and rank of Police officials)
of Police Station 

4.Identified by Names & addresses of relatives/persons acquainted

PART-I 

SCHEDULE OF OBSERVATIONS

 GENERAL

(l)Height__ cms.(2)Weight__ Kgs.

(3)Physique -(a)lean/medium/obese-(b)Well built/average built/poor built/emaciated

(4)Identification features (if body is unidentified), Finger prints be taken on seperate sheet and attached by the doctor.

(5)Description of clothes worn-important features:

(6)Post-mortem Changes:(a)As seen during inquest,Whether rigor mortis present Temperature (Rectal) others, (b) As seen at Autopsy.

(7)(a)External general appearance-(b)State of eyes(c) Natural orifices

  

EXTERNAL EXAMINATION OF BODY PARTS:

EXTERNAL INJURIES:Mention Type,Shape,Length x Breadth&Depth of each injury and its relation to important body landmark.Indicate,which injuries are fresh and which are old and their duration.(i) Injuries be given serial number and mark similarly on the diagrams attached.(ii) In stab injuries, mention angles,margins and direction inside body.(iii) In fire arm injuries,mention about effects of fire also.

EXAMINATION OF BODY PARTS:

 1.EXAMINATION OF HEAD

• Scalp findings

• Skull(Describe fractures here & show them on body diagram enclosed)

• Meninges,meningeal spaces&Cerebral vessels(Hemorrhage&its locations,abnormal smell etc.be noted)

• Brain findings & Wt.(Wt._gms.)

• Orbital,nasal&aural cavities-findings

 2. EXAMINATION OF NECK

• Mouth, Tongue & Pharynx

• Larynx & Vocal cords

• Condition of neck tissues

• Thyroid & other cartilage conditions 

• Trachea

 3. EXAMINATION OF CHEST

• Ribs and Chest wall

• Oesophagus

• Trachea & Bronchial Tree

• Pleural Cavities 

• Pleural Cavities-R-L

• Lungs findings & Wt.- Rt.__ gms.&Lt._ gms.

• Pericardial Sac 

• Heart findings & Wt__

• Large blood vessels

 4. EXAMINATION OF ABDOMEN

• Condition of abdominal wall

• Peritoneum & Peritoneal cavity 

• Stomach(wall condition,contents&smell)(Weight__ gms.)

• Small intestines including appendix

• Large intestines & Mesentric vessels

• Liver including

• Gall bladder (wt _gms) 

• Spleen (wt._gms.)

• Pancreas 

• Kidneys finding & Wt. - Rt._ gms & Lt._ gms.

• Bladder & urethra 

• Pelvic cavity tissues

• Pelvic Bones 

• Examination of Genital organs(Note the condition of the vagina, scrotum, presence of foreign body,presence of foetus,semen or any other fluid,and contusion,abrasion in and around genital organs)[helpful in determining the sexual assault]

5.EXAMINATION OF SPINAL COLUMN&SPINAL CORD(To be opened where indicated)

PART-II

OPINION: 

 
i)Probable time since death(keep all factors including observations at inquest)

ii)Cause &manner of death-The cause of death to the best of my knowledge and belief is :-

(a)Immediate cause -

(b)Due to -

(c)Which of the injuries are ante-mortem/post-mortem& duration if antemortem ?

(d)Manner of causation of injuries

(e)Whether injuries (individually or collectively) are sufficient to cause death in ordinary course of nature or not ?

iii)Any other

SPECIMENS COLLECTED & HANDED OVER [Enclosures ] 

a)Viscera(Stomach with contents,small intestine with contents, sample of liver,kidney(one half of each),spleen, sample of blood on gauze piece (dried),any other viscera, preservative used)

b)Clothes

c)Photographs(Video cassettes in case of custody deaths, finger prints etc)

d)Foreign body(like bullet, ligature etc.)

e)Sample of preservative in cases of posioning &Sample of seal

g)lnquest papers (mention total number & initial them)

h)Slides from vagina, semen or any other material.

MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF RAPE VICTIM&PROCEDURES/ FORMALITIES:  

No doctor can examine women without prior request form from I.O or magistrate and no women can be forced to undergo medical examination,her prior consent is required,if victim is under 12 yrs or unsound mind ,the consent of parents or guardians must be taken in writing.

The victim should be examined in the presence of female nurse or attendant.The I.O should also ensure that victim should be taken to hospital immediately[not take bath or change cloths prior to medical examination]. 

The moot questions  for the doctor is

[1]whether there is recent evidence of sexual intercourse with presence of semen or other discharges.

[2]physical signs  to confirm use of the force viz. pain or oozing of blood  from vagina or bruises ,wounds,scratches,teeth bites  on the body parts e.g face,chest[breast],hands,thighs and genital organs. 

[3]Whether medical evidence confirm the allegations of sexual assault. 

  

OTHER PROCEDURAL FORMALITIES :

PM report in original,inquest papers,dead body,clothings and other articles (mention there) duly sealed (Nos.) handed over to police official No.of PS-whose signatures are herewith.Signature,Name of Medical Officer:(in block letters),Designation,Seal.


The medical report prepared by doctor should based on his own observation,the doctor should be able to defend the same in the court of law personally testifying ,he should not hesitate to give details of observation in the court and answer all questions diligently posed by the court and patiently face the cross examination of defence counsel by answering questions in an unbiased manner. He should confine himself to medical knowlegde,his role is furnishing the expert opinion of  the crime.The presumptions,conjectures and assumptions are not expert evidence or proof.There should be no scope for vagueness or inaccuracy in preparing the medical report.

THE MEDICAL CERTIFICATION OF DEATH :

India follows the International Statistical classification of diseases,injuries, and causes of the death as per classification ,the reports are prepared in India.No doctor should sign death certificate without examination of body.



The medical reports play crucial role in courts cases,it is corroborative peice of evidence in determining  the crime.It has become indispensable part of   criminal justice administration.

References :

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest
3. http://uppolice.up.nic.in/All%20Rules/Dr%20Training%20material%20for%20CD/Annex%202%20custodial%20rape%20death.pdf -NHRC guidelines in custodial deaths.
4. UN model format of Post-Mortem /autopsy report 
5. Dr.K.S Narayana Reddy:The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and toxicology.

Disclaimer :This is only informative peice of article not reference material or expertise work.



Next : Importance of Medical reports in Paternity,Impotence ,Sterility&Sexual offences cases.

Importance of Scene of Crime /Offence

Importance  of  Scene of Crime /Offence.

In Arushi murder case,CBI accused Rajesh Talwar &Nupur Talwar disturbing the scene of the offence.The scene of offence or scene of crime is one of the most important component of criminal investigation.It is a place where crime committed or reported, place where alleged crime has been committed by the accused,where victim body found dead or injured or raped,it can be murder,rape ,assault ,or it can be mass disaster like bridge or building collapse or railway accidents or road accidents,even theft or dacoity &other property related or  economic offences also,scene of crime is one of the most important component of investigation.

whenever police officer /investigating officer[I.O]receives information that crime/offence has committed ,foremost duty  of police officer is to rush to scene of crime or offence and  cordon off the area and starts investigating the crime in an logical manner,diligently and scientific manner,he should seek the help of experts like DNA/Finger print experts or medical experts to gather vital clues from the area.

He should not cause delay in sending dead body for postmortem to as-certain the  cause of the dead ,which proves vital in investigating the crime ,similarly he should send all materiel picked from scene of the crime [exhibits ]dispatch it   to forensic lab for further examination.

The action to be taken by the police:

1. First Information Report [FIR ]: As soon as police receives information about the commission of crime /offence, ,he should enter &note it in  general dairy  ;[a]date of &time of receipt of said information[b]mode of receiving information [telephone ,letter or in person][c]Name and address of informant[d]place &location of occurrence of crime.As per procedure,FIR should be sent to local magistrate.
2. Scene of Crime :  The concerned Investigating officer [IO] should rush to the scene of crime /offence with finger print experts,medical experts or other experts ,if necessary.
3. Procedural formalities : I.O should note the following[a] Time of arrival[b] condition of victim[c] no. of persons present &their details at the scene of crime[d]other information.
4. Examination of Victim /Body :if victim is alive ,he /she should be shifted to local hospital for treatment.Note the Details of Victim/dead body:[a]What is identity of the body[b]What is condition of body  [e.g on set of putrefaction  or highly decomposed][c]What are nature of wounds found on injured or dead  body [cuts,wounds,burns,spells  of acid or petrol or other smells  etc][d]What are conditions of clothing[strains,tears,buttons].
5. Shifting body: One of the most difficult job is shifting dead body to nearest civil hospital for conducting postmortem and getting the doctors report.This is most difficult and embarrassing job for police ,because some times dead bodies will be in very bad or decomposed state[ with foul smell ],police find hard to gather people to shift the  dead bodies.
6. Dying Declaration :One of the important job for police get Dying Declaration statement from the victim before magistrate,if his or her chances of survival is bleak.It is well established that dying declaration plays crucial role in crimes ,it is well accepted notion that dying man never lie,so his statement taken seriously ,while convicting the accused in the crime.  

  The scene of crime helps the police coming to the conclusion that;

• The alleged offence has been committed at a given place &time by the accused with eye witness present or circumstantial evidence  to prove the commission of the offence.
• Such offence has been committed by the accused with guilty mind /intention.
• In a stated manner.
• By exhibited means or instrument.
• The act or omission is punishable with prescribed punishment under provisions of the law.[IPC]   

The scene of offence is one of the important component in the investigation of the criminal cases.

 

WHAT IS PANCHANAMA ?

WHAT IS  PANCHANAMA ? 

-For dummies -

Panchanama is very important document for Police ,public prosecuting officer[PP],accused ,victims and defence counsels.Every young police officer and budding lawyer should grasp nuances of the investigating procedures ,drafting good panchanama is one of the vital component in all criminal cases.

Once FIR is lodged by complainant or any information  is received  by the Station House officer by an anonymous caller or friend of police, criminal law sets into motion with lodging of FIR ,the work of police officer begins, first and foremost duty of Investigating officer is preceding to the scene of offence or crime  with his team consists of Photographer,Forensic team[clues team]or Dog Squad[if necessary ] and keenly survey the scene of offence to draft the mediators report mentioning all details without missing vital clues.

The good and intelligent I.O diligently observes the scene of offence and meticulously prepare the Panchanama with a drawing sketch,speaking to all people present at the scene of the offence.

It is very important to know to whom I.O is interacting,some times suspects or supporters of accused, them selves may mislead the police to divert the attention of the Police team and dilute the case.

It is always advisable to pick up respectful, honest,impartial ,unbiased ,healthy panchas[it is advisable to avoid old &sick people],it may be crime scene, or weapons recovery or  recovery of contraband.

The possibility of  wining the prosecution case depends upon the drafting of good panchanma with all minute details without missing vital clues,which can decide the outcome of the prosecution case.

If loose ends or discrepancies or inaccuracy exists in panchanama,it will invariably helps the accused to escape the law and prosecution case ends in acquittal and hard work of I.O goes waste.  

The Panchanama is also prepared during search and search operations for various crimes or investigations after obtaining search warrant from trial courts under Sections 94,97 and 100 of Criminal Procedure code ,search can be conducted with out search warrant from the courts under Section 165.

It is duty of I.O pick up all vital clues/documents ,which will only helps the case,it is prudent for I.O  to avoid scrap material[insignificant documents/material],which won't help the prosecution case.  

The Definition of Panchanama:

Panchanama is also called Mediators report. 'Panch' means in Sanskrit respectable persons.The panchanama is statement of persons present at the time of arrest,search and seizure.

The Panchanama statement will be recorded  at the scene of crime /offence with presence of Investigating officers ,Prosecuting witnesses,accused and two mediators,who should be unbiased,independent and honest persons.

The panchanama is very important document in criminal cases because it will be send to trial court long with FIR &CD/ CR  and contraband materials/weapons or Exhibits recovered recovered from scene of offence.

The Essentials of Panchanama :

• Description of the scene of offence with sketch&drawing and photographs.
• Persons found at scene of offence.
• Records found at scene of offence or weapons or exhibits.
• The contraband material found during search&seizure.
• Taking Photo's
• It should be signed by the prosecution Witness[PW],Prosecuting officer /I.O and mediators.

Chief Ingredients of the Panchanama :  

1. Names of officers conducting Panchanama
2. Place ,Date and Time
3. Description of Panchas
4. Description of Scene of offence with Sketch describing the scene neatly , with direction of body placed [ North ,South,East and West ],houses ,boundaries of the house.
5. Mentioning exhibits/weapons recovered at the scene of offence[like cloths, documents ,personal belonging  or other human particles.],prepare list of articles recovered at the scene of offence.
6. Explaining the panchas ,purpose of search &seizure with or with out order of the court. 
7. Describing persons found working at the time of Search and Seizure mentioning their age and nature of duty undertaken at that place.
8. List of legal documents found during  Search and Seizure.
9. Description of contraband &particular place where they have been found ,during Search and Seizure.
10. Brief statement of persons found at scene of offence or place where contraband material found.
11. Drawing of samples &its procedure.
12. The records searched and verified relevant to the case.
13. List of articles seized during search and seizure should be given to accused.

 

In several cases ,the court voiced the importance of Panchanama and its value in prosecution cases.The loose documentation of panchanama will help the accused/suspects.

It is very important for police department to train the young policemen in the art of  drafting good panchanama and senior police officers should take initiative to train and help junior colleagues while drafting panchanama ,especially complicated cases .

It is advised and it is better to draft panchanama in regional language ,if I.O is not well conversant with English.The court will find bad document,hard to understand or comprehend  , when it is poorly drafted with grammatical errors and inadequate or inaccurate  description,in order to avoid such problems ,it is better to draft the panchanama in local language.Bad Panchanama or charge sheet is bone to accused and his counsel. 

The good investigating skills of the Police plays vital in all criminal cases ,an good police man is nightmare to defence counsel and help ful to the trial court to come to the  logical conclusion and finally, punish the quilty persons.

The police officer should cultivate the habit of reading criminal law manuals and other materials given by the police department and be well conversant with procedures /process,which won't give any scope for accused to escape the law. 
Problems with  Hostile Witnesses:
Only problem confronting prosecution is witness turning hostile,which is the main reason for acquittal of cases,all hard work of police goes waste, conviction rate increases ,if they ensure that witness don't turn hostile,but it never happens in reality. We don't have witness protection mechanism.The trend of witness turning hostile should be curbed,which is not an easy task.

The defence counsel ,however smart ,intelligent or famous [brand name], he may be ,can't win his client case ,if case is excellently, meticulously and smartly investigated by an intelligent ,duty minded and honest police officer. 

Author : 

The author of the informative peice of  article is practicing advocate &legal consultant, ,Andhra Pradesh High Court&other courts at Hyderabad,A.P -Hyderabad and also worked as Legal consultant to A.P Women's Commission for some time.

Note:This is only an informative peice of article for dummies not reference material,for further reading &understanding ,read Criminal Major Acts and Criminal Rules of Practice.

BASIC PROCEDURE -PROCESS OF COURTS

THE BASIC PROCEDURE-PROCESS OF the Trial COURTS  

Basic understanding of procedure /process of courts in both criminal and civil cases in nut-shell [for dummies] ,not a exhaustive commentary or reference material:

Many Young students/Advocates take time to understand procedural laws.Only careful and meticulous study ,one can learn procedural law with ease.

To become successful lawyers,one must muster procedural laws,we often ignore it,when we study at university.The mustering procedural laws should be given utmost importance along with substantive law.

"CIVIL"

The procedure involved in civil cases.

Plaint:Preparing PLAINT (in duplicate) along with [a]Verifying affidavit

[b]Valuation slip

[c]Vakalatnama 

[d]List of documents

[e]Interim Application(IA)

[f]Process fees

[g]Copies for the court & other side i.e defendants  

        

Filing-Filing of plaint before Chief Ministerial Officer[Sherestedar)–paying appropriate court fee &process fees.

Numbering :Initially S.R No. will allotted, after office scrutiny[it may returned for lack of clarity in documentation or discrepancies or vagueness in drafting ], if registry/office  is satisfied ,number [OS .no e.g 01/2012] will be allotted, the file will come before the bench /court.It is first hurdle in civil cases.

        

Hearing on IA No.1 (if any IA is filed for immediate relief e.g Interim Application[out of order] like restrain order or injunction order)

        

Interim Order :If IA is allowed, comply with the order. [compliance means sending IA copy to the other side by Registered  Post with Acknowledgment   due  and filing affidavit to that effect in the court]- On every interim application ,there will be stages to be followed by either of the party–objection by the other side – Hearing– Order on said IA.

 

-Or the court will issues Notice/Summons to other side.

       

-Return of notice

       

-If other side appears, they will file vakalat or they will be placed ex-parte. 

 -If notice is not served to the other side[due to wrong address ]

-Steps to re-issue the summons to be taken by filing process or take steps to give public notification in news paper advertisement, if address of defendants is not known.

         

-Written statement-If the other side appears, matter will be posted for Written statement of defendants

     

-Issues–after filling of Written Statement ,the court will frame issues involved in the case[suit]

        

-Evidence–after framing the issues ,evidence of plaintiff ((PW) by way of filing affidavit and exhibiting the documents

       

-Cross examination–Cross examination of plaintiff. 

    

-Evidence–evidence of defendant by way of filing affidavit and exhibiting the documents.

-Cross examination–Cross examination of the defendant.

       

-Argument–Court will hear arguments of the plaintiff counsel.

      

-Argument–Court will hear arguments of the defendant counsel.

 

FINALE JUDGEMENT

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" CRIMINAL" 

-FIR[First Information Report]–complaint to police registers FIR-Sec-154 Cr. P .C.,-FIR sets criminal law into motion.[Private Complaint can be filed in magistrate court ,which will beagain referred to police for investigation],FIR is not compendium ,all details are not necessary.

 -Cr.No will be allotted e.g Cr. No. 12/2012-Malakpet P.S .. &CD    will be maintained as per procedure.

        

 -INVESTIGATION:on investigation accused will be arrested.Police will visit the scene of crime,collect evidence-when,how,where,whom,why&other incriminating material,conduct panchanama /inquest[P.M will be conducted at civil hospital to a-certain the cause of death  ],police will start pining down the suspects with available clues at scene of the crime/offence.

     

-PRODUCTION–accused will be produced before the Magistrate,accused will be send  to judicial custody[after examination by the doctor to ascertain  the fitness of accuse]

        

-BAIL–application for bail is to be filed (if Bailable -u/s 436, Non-Bail able -u/s 437 before Magistrate ,in bailable cases ,bail is matter of right unlike non–bail able cases) an anticipatory bail can be sought for apprehension of arrest.

       

-OBJECTIONS–APP will file objections  after receiving instructions from concerned Police Station.

       

-HEARING–Court will hear the matter.

  -ORDER–Order on bail 

       

-FINALE REPORT /CHARGE SHEET–the police will file Final Report i.e.Charge sheet,detail report mentioning offences committed by the accused,witness[PW],Exhibits-weapons recovered-Post Morten &expert reports.Complainant can object charge sheet ,magistrate can ask police to file charge sheet again.[if the offences are trial able by sessions court, the court will commit the matter to the sessions court] 

-HEAR BEFORE CHARGE–It is mandatory for court to hear the matter before charge 

-CHARGE–Charges framed by the court will be read over to the accused and ask them,whether they are guilty ?. If the accused denies the guilt, plead innocence, and then it will be posted for trial,if accused plead guilty,no question of trial. 

-TRAIL–court will issue summons to the Witnesses for trial. 

-EXAMINATION- IN- CHIEF-chief examination of witnesses by APP. 

-CROSS EXAMINATION–Cross examination by counsel/Adv. for accused. 

-MANDATORY 313 CR.PC  STATEMENT–read over by judge to the accused. 

-ARGUMENTS–arguments by Public Prosecutor &Defence counsel. 

-JUDGEMENT

-If in FIR offences alleged are exclusively triable by Sessions Court then a separate Criminal Misc is to be filed before the Sessions court for bail.

      

-CRIMINAL MISC– Criminal Misc petition for bail is to be filed before Sessions court along with certified copy of First Information Report & complaint.

        

-NOTICE TO PUBLIC PROSECUTOR–Court will issue notice to Public Prosecutor

      

-OBJECTIONS–Public Prosecutor [after getting instructions from concerned police station] will file objections or oppose bail

-HEARING OF ARGUMENTS–Court will hear the arguments.

       

-ORDER–Order on bail, if bail is rejected, accused can file bail application again, there is no bar on filing no. Of  bail applications,

accused can approach High court /Supreme court,if bail is rejection by the trial court.

       

- After filing of the charge sheet, the lower[magistrate] court will commit the matter to Sessions court and session court will after framing the charges, fix the dates for trial and above mentioned procedure of evidence/mode of trial will be followed.

Quantum of Sentence -Court will decide quantum of sentence after accused is found guilty of offences as alleged in the charge sheet.

-JUDGMENT-pronouncement of Sentence.

References &Read more : 

1.Criminal Procedure code ,1973.

2.Civil Procedure code,1908.

3.Indian Evidence Act 1872 

Note :The basic procedure ,which is followed by the trial courts,pl report,if any discrepancies,omissions or error exists in above note or construction ,suggestions will also be appreciated.This is not reference material but reconstruction from reference material .This is for dummies